The first step for a student to understand what they are reading is to know the topic of what they are reading. The topic is simple what the author is writing 
- The “something” an author is writing about is the topic.
- The topic is the who or what that the author writes about.
- The topic is always a word, a phrase, or a name and it is never written as a sentence.
In addition to these characteristics above, there are four common clues that can be used to identify the topic. Below is the list and each will be explained with an example.
- Look for a heading or title.
- Look for words in special print, such as bold, italics, or color—or some combination, such as bold italics.
- Look for repeated words in a paragraph.
- Look for something mentioned at the beginning of the paragraph and then referred to throughout the paragraph by pronouns or by other words.
Clue 1: Find the Heading
The example below gives the topic of the passage in the title. This is an obvious example, however, students often skip the title to begin reading and never know what they are reading about. This is one reason that students must be taught to read the title first, if it is available, as it provides a framework for reading the details.
Somewhere University
Somewhere University is a school in Southeast Asia. It has about 300 students. The school offers several majors that focus mainly on humanitarian service. Somewhere University also has a diverse faculty with teachers from all over the world.
The title tells you what the topic is. This passage was about “Somewhere University.”
Clue 2: Look for Special Print
Sometimes the topic is in the text and the writer uses special print or color to identify it. Again students run right to pass such obvious information. Below is the example. The topic is in bold and italics within the paragraph.
Somewhere University is a school in Southeast Asia. It has about 300 students. The school offers several majors that focus mainly on humanitarian service. Somewhere University also has a diverse faculty with teacher from all over the world.
In this example, the text is bold and in red. This is a common approach in textbooks.
Clue 3: Look for Repeated Words or Phrases
Many times the topic can be found by looking for words and phrases that are repeated continuously within a reading passage. The more often a word or phrase is used the more likely it is the topic. Below is an example. Count how many times the word “Somewhere University” is used.
Somewhere University is a school in Southeast Asia. It has about 300 students. Somewhere University offers several majors that focus mainly on humanitarian service. Somewhere University also has a diverse faculty with teacher from all over the world.
The noun Somewhere University is in every sentence as the subject. As such, it is the topic of this paragraph.
Clue 4: Find a Word or Phrase Mentioned at the Beginning and Throughout the Passage by a Pronoun
After mentioning the topic by name, many authors will refer to it by other names or pronouns. This can be especially confusing for people new to the language as they may not have mastery of the various pronouns and synonyms appropriate for the topic. Below is an example.
Somewhere University is a school in Southeast Asia. It has about 300 students. The school offers several majors that focus mainly on humanitarian service. The Institute also has a diverse faculty with teacher from all over the world.
In the paragraph above, Somewhere University was referred to by the following words
- It (2nd sentence)
- The school (3rd sentence)
- The Institute (4th sentence)
Remember this can be very confusing for many students when one word is referred to by several different other words.
Conclusion
These are some tools to help students to figure out what they are reading about. Are there other ways to do this? If so please respond in the comments section.